Protons in SEP events have energy spectra that span the range from ~10 keV to ~10 GeV. Methods: Solar storm data were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmo- Introduction he ability to affordably and sustainably mitigate the risks associated with exposure of human crews to space radiation is a major challenge in designing for human exploration of the Solar System beyond Earth orbit (BEO). Solar particle events are injections of energetic electrons, protons, alpha particles, and heavier particles into interplanetary space. Solar particle events, for example, occur when protons emitted by the Sun become accelerated either close to the Sun during a flare or in interplanetary space by coronal mass ejection shocks. Solar particle event. For both protons and solar helium during solar minimum and solar maximum conditions. The solar wind, which blows continuously at speeds of 300-800 km/s, corresponds to proton energies of 0.5 to 3 keV. These particles are accelerated to near relativistic speeds by the interplanetary shock waves which precede fast coronal mass ejections and which exist in the vicinity of solar flare sites. SPE = Solar Particle Event I. from galactic cosmic radiation and solar particle events. Solar energetic particle (SEP) events are responsible for some of the highest particle intensities that we have seen in space near Earth. Displayed are the summed October 1989 event series from the model of Tylka (Design Basis Event), twice the Design Basis Event, and spectra from the probabilistic model of Xapsos et al. Solar 3He particles were first detected by Hsieh and Simpson3. Occasions when this occurs are often called solar particle events (SPEs) but may also be called solar cosmic ray events, solar proton events, solar energetic particle events, energetic storm particle events, ground-level events, proton showers, or polar cap absorption events. High-energy solar particle events in cycle 24 N. Gopalswamy1, P. Mäkelä2,1, S. Yashiro2,1, H. Xie2,1, S. Akiyama2,1, and N. Thakur2,1 1NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA 2The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA nat.gopalswamy@nasa.gov Abstract. The Sun is already in the declining phase of cycle 24, but the paucity of high-energy Solar Particle Event differential proton flux as a function of energy. A solar coronal mass ejection (CME) hit Earth's magnetosphere and induced the largest geomagnetic storm on record.The associated "white light flare" in the solar photosphere was observed and recorded by British astronomers Richard Carrington and Richard Hodgson. Repeat of 1859 Carrington Event would devastate modern world, experts say. Solar storms often accelerate ions to energies that can penetrate space suits and even spacecraft. The Carrington Event was a powerful geomagnetic storm on September 1–2, 1859, during solar cycle 10 (1855–1867). In the energy range 10 to 100 MeV per nucleon they obtained 3He/4He = (2.1±0.4) × 10−2 by summing over seven solar particle events. This paper de-scribes the assessment of radiation dose accrued during solar particle events as part of a reproductive health study of ß ight attendants. "Earth's magnetic field helps prevent exposure to solar particle events," says Posner, "but as space exploration leads humans out of this protective magnetic cocoon, towards the Moon and into outer space, this and other methods of space weather forecasting will become increasingly important." (1999). Solar activity is manifested in many ways, including the occasional emission of energetic particles by large solar events. largest Solar Particle Event (SPE) fluence; SEP peak flux. In SEP events have energy spectra that span the range from ~10 keV to GeV. 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