After the Nationalist victory, a dictatorship ruled the country for almost 40 years, from 1939 to 1975, when the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco died. What currency will you use in Russia? After the Nationalist victory, a dictatorship ruled the country for almost 40 years, from 1939 to 1975, when the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco died. Franco ruled until his death on 20 November 1975, when control was given to King Juan Carlos. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. After landing in Spain, Franco and his army marched toward Madrid. The southern portion of the country is desert, an extension of the Sahara made familiar to Americans through the “spaghetti western” films of the 1960s and early ’70s. After Spain transitioned from a dictatorship to a democracy following the death of Franco in 1975, its criminal code contained articles making it a crime to insult the government and desecrate state symbols. Spain became a parliamentary monarchy in 1978 and joined the EU, and joined NATO in 1982. The war was one of the hardest Spain has ever faced. In a sense, the ghost of Franco still hung over the new Spanish state. Acidic southern brown earths (leading to restricted crop choice) are prevalent on the crystalline rocks of the western Meseta, and gray, brown, or chestnut soils have developed on the calcareous and alkaline strata of the eastern Meseta and of eastern Spain in general. He devoted great care to the preparation of his unit’s actions and paid more attention than was common to the troops’ well-being. In fact, all the major rivers of Spain except the Ebro drain into the Atlantic Ocean. That year he also married Carmen Polo, with whom he had a daughter. The country’s Roman conquerors left their language, roads, and monuments, while many of the Roman Empire’s greatest rulers were Spanish, among them Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius. Offshore in the Mediterranean, the Balearic Islands are an unsubmerged portion of the Baetic Cordillera. With the steady erosion of its continental and overseas empire throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, however, Spain was all but forgotten in world affairs, save for the three years that the ideologically charged Spanish Civil War (1936–39) put the country at the centre of the world’s stage, only to become ever more insular and withdrawn during the four decades of rule by dictator Francisco Franco. The government has adopted policies of afforestation, but some authorities believe that natural vegetation regrowth would yield more speedy and more permanent benefits. Spain is not Madrid, though Madrid is Spain’s capital city. The Iberian Peninsula seen from the International Space Station, July 26, 2014. The entire western half of Iberia, with the exception of the extreme south, is composed of ancient (Hercynian) rocks; geologists refer to this Hercynian block as the Meseta Central. Spanish government vows to exhume Franco before election. The history of the Netherlands is a history of seafaring people thriving on a lowland river delta on the North Sea in northwestern Europe. In part because he was not a typical Spanish “political general,” Franco became head of state of the new Nationalist regime on October 1, 1936. The Canary (Canarias) Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean off the northwestern African mainland, and the Balearic (Baleares) Islands, in the Mediterranean, also are parts of Spain, as are Ceuta and Melilla, two small enclaves in North Africa (northern Morocco) that Spain has ruled for centuries. Franco became a national hero, and in 1926, at age 33, he was promoted to brigadier general. ARITZ PARRA October 11, 2019 GMT. It comes from the first sob and the first kiss.” Even the Vandals, Huns, and Visigoths who swept across Spain following the fall of Rome are remembered in words and monuments, which prompted García Lorca to remark, “In Spain, the dead are more alive than the dead of any other country in the world.”. Tenerife (/ ˌ t ɛ n ə ˈ r iː f /; Spanish: [teneˈɾife]) is the largest and most populous island of the Canary Islands. Lined with palm trees, rosemary bushes, and other tropical vegetation, the southeastern Mediterranean coast and the Balearic Islands enjoy a gentle climate, drawing millions of visitors and retirees, especially from northern Europe. Learn more about Franco in this article. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. Many of Franco’s grandchildren are members of Spain… Like four generations and his elder brother before him, Franco was originally destined for a career as a naval officer, but reduction of admissions to the Naval Academy forced him to choose the army. Jan Janszoon van Haarlem, commonly known as Reis Mourad the Younger (c. 1570 – c. 1641), was a Dutch pirate in Morocco who converted to Islam after being captured by a Moorish state in 1618. Soil erosion resulting from the vegetation degradation suffered by Spain for at least the past 3,000 years has created extensive badlands, reduced soil cover, downstream alluviation, and, more recently, silting of dams and irrigation works. At dawn on July 18, 1936, Franco’s manifesto acclaiming the military rebellion was broadcast from the Canary Islands, and the same morning the rising began on the mainland. The Júcar River flowing past a 14th-century castle at Cofrentes, Valencia, Spain. The country has been ruled since then by a succession of elected governments, some socialist, some conservative, but all devoted to democracy. Spain accounts for five-sixths of the Iberian Peninsula, the roughly quadrilateral southwestern tip of Europe that separates the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, Christian Spain from the Muslim invasion to about 1260, Castilian institutions, society, and culture, Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia, 1276–1479, The “Golden Age” in architecture and painting, The French invasion and the War of Independence, 1808–14, Moderates, progressives, and the generals, The Revolution of 1868 and the Republic of 1873, Primo de Rivera (1923–30) and the Second Republic (1931–36), The administration of Felipe González, 1982–96, Spain at the beginning of the 21st century, Zapatero and a new generation of Socialist leadership, Economic recovery and Catalonian independence, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Spain, Spain - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Spain - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Iberian Peninsula; International Space Station. The flow of many Iberian streams has been reduced artificially by water extraction for purposes such as irrigation. They speak Castilian or Spanish (in Spanish, "Castellano", from Castilla, or "Español "). In 1492, the year the last of the Moorish rulers were expelled from Spain, ships under the command of Christopher Columbus reached America. Hilldale-Jaume Vicens Vives Professor of History, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Although some maintain that “aridity rivals civil war as the chief curse of [historic] Spain,” the Iberian Peninsula has a dense network of streams, three of which rank among Europe’s longest: the Tagus at 626 miles (1,007 km), the Ebro at 565 miles (909 km), and the Douro at 556 miles (895 km). Thus, his regime became an institutionalized authoritarian system, differing in this respect from the fascist party-states of the German and Italian models. However, nearly all Iberian rivers have low annual volume, irregular regimes, and deep valleys and even canyons. Although more extensive—more than 500 miles (800 km) long and up to 150 miles (240 km) wide—and with peninsular Spain’s highest summit, Mulhacén Peak, at 11,421 feet (3,481 metres), the Baetic ranges are more fragmented and less of a barrier than the Pyrenees. With a land area of 2,034.38 square kilometres (785.48 sq mi) and a population of 917,841 inhabitants at the start of 2019, it is also the most populous island of Spain and of Macaronesia. Only the Ebro River has a relatively constant and substantial flow—19,081 cubic feet (540 cubic metres) per second at Tortosa—coming from snowmelt as well as rainfall in the high Pyrenees. Spain has some of the oldest as well as some of the youngest rocks of Europe. Spanish Civil War (1936–39), military revolt by Nationalist rebels, supported by conservative elements within the country, against the Republican government of Spain. The tens of thousands of executions carried out by the Nationalist regime, which continued during the first years after the war ended, earned Franco more reproach than any other single aspect of his rule. Saline soils are found in the Ebro basin and coastal lowlands. Corrections? Torre Agbar skyscraper at night in Barcelona. Sort out the facts as you journey through Europe. The Tagus, like the Douro and the Guadiana, reaches the Atlantic Ocean in Portugal. On April 19, 1937, he fused the Falange (the Spanish fascist party) with the Carlists and created the rebel regime’s official political movement. Her husband, Cristóbal Martínez-Bordiú, was a prominent heart surgeon and carried out the first heart transplant operation in Spain in 1968. The range comprises a series of parallel zones: the central axis, a line of intermediate depressions, and the pre-Pyrenees. Because of his military ability and prestige, a political record unmarred by sectarian politics and conspiracies, and his proven ability to gain military assistance from Adolf Hitler’s Germany and Benito Mussolini’s Italy, Franco was the obvious choice. Elsewhere the country is bounded by water: by the Mediterranean Sea to the east and southeast, by the Atlantic Ocean to the northwest and southwest, and by the Bay of Biscay (an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean) to the north. After the fall of the monarchy in 1931, the leaders of the new Spanish Republic undertook a major and much-needed military reform, and Franco’s career was temporarily halted. It is in the Iberian Peninsula.Spain has borders with France, Portugal, Andorra and Morocco.In Spain's northeast side are the Pyrenees mountains.. This is the regime of all the major arteries that drain the Meseta as well as those of the Mediterranean seaboard, such as the Júcar and the Segura: for example, from August to September the Guadiana River usually has less than one-tenth of its average annual flow. Francisco Franco Bahamonde (/ ˈ f r æ ŋ k oʊ /, Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko ˈfɾaŋko ba.a.ˈmõn̪.de]; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who led the Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 as a dictator, assuming the title Caudillo. Brown forest soils are restricted to humid Galicia and Cantabria. While expanding the Falange into a more pluralistic group, Franco made it clear that it was the government that used the party and not the other way around. Comparing Catalonia to Spain, as if Spain were a homogeneous entity is simplistic and ill-informed. A village in Andalusia, Spain, showing housing typical of the region. Although the origins of some of the spectacular badlands of southeastern Spain, such as Guadix, may lie in climatic conditions from earlier in Quaternary time (beginning 2.6 million years ago), one of the major problems of modern Spain is the threat of desertification—i.e., the impoverishment of arid, semiarid, and even some humid ecosystems caused by the joint impact of human activities and drought. The Moors, who ruled over portions of Spain for nearly 800 years, left a legacy of fine architecture, lyric poetry, and science; the Roma contributed the haunting music called the cante jondo (a form of flamenco), which, wrote García Lorca, “comes from remote races and crosses the graveyard of the years and the fronds of parched winds. He became head of the rebel Nationalist government on October 1 but did not gain complete control of the country for more than three years. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In 1920 he was chosen to be second in command of the newly organized Spanish Foreign Legion, succeeding to full command in 1923. It is home to 43% of the total population of the archipelago. Much of the region is traditionally given over to cattle ranching and grain production; it was in this rural setting that Miguel de Cervantes’s Don Quixote tilted at the tall windmills that still dot the landscape in several places. The Civil War had been largely a sanguinary struggle of attrition, marked by atrocities on both sides. Illustration depicting Christopher Columbus's fleet departing from Spain in 1492. The division between international countries was evident even years before. Spain’s countryside is quaint, speckled with castles, aqueducts, and ancient ruins, but its cities are resoundingly modern. The Nationalist leader, Francisco Franco, soon took power as dictator and ruled until 1975. The predominant fluvial regime in Spain is thus characterized by a long or very long summer period of low water. Updates? For the article summary, see. In the southeast the Baetic Cordillera (Sistema Penibético) runs broadly parallel to the coast to merge with the mountains of the Iberian Cordillera. The short, swift streams of Galicia and Cantabria, draining to the northwestern and northern coasts, respectively, have only a slight or, at most, modest summer minimum. They speak other languages in some parts of the country. On July 18, 1936, in the Canary Islands, Francisco Franco announced a military rebellion against the Spanish republic. To the northwest is the Cantabrian Mountains, a rugged range in which heavily forested, rain-swept valleys are interspersed with tall peaks. Economy. More disciplined and serious than other boys his age, Franco was close to his mother, a pious and conservative upper middle-class Roman Catholic. France, however, ruled by Napoleon III, decided to use the opportunity to carve an empire out of Mexican territory. Francoist Spain (Spanish: España franquista), known in Spain as the Francoist dictatorship (Spanish: dictadura franquista), was the period of Spanish history between 1936 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain with the title Caudillo.After his death in 1975, Spain transitioned into a democracy.During this time period Spain was officially known as the Spanish State (Spanish: Estado Español). Although Franco had never been a member of a political party, the growing anarchy impelled him to appeal to the government to declare a state of emergency. Author of. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Its relief is more diverse, however, owing to heavy faulting and warping caused by volcanic activity around the Calatrava Plain and to two complex river systems (the Guadiana and the Tagus) separated by mountains. It constitutes a relatively stable platform around which younger sediments accumulated, especially on the Mediterranean side. For 300 years afterward, Spanish explorers and conquerors traveled the world, claiming huge territories for the Spanish crown, a succession of Castilian, Aragonese, Habsburg, and Bourbon rulers. You know. Francisco Franco, in full Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde, byname El Caudillo (“The Leader”), (born December 4, 1892, El Ferrol, Spain—died November 20, 1975, Madrid), general and leader of the Nationalist forces that overthrew the Spanish democratic republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39); thereafter he was the head of the government of Spain until 1973 and head of state until his death in 1975. Their highest points—Peñalara Peak at 7,972 feet (2,430 metres) and Almanzor Peak at 8,497 feet (2,590 metres)—rise well above the plains of the central plateau. Nearly half of Spain is moderately or severely affected, especially in the arid east (Almería, Murcia), as well as in much of subarid Spain (the Ebro basin). Since the death of the dictator Franco, Spain has moved toward reforms and improving its economy. For some time he refused to commit himself to a military conspiracy against the government, but, as the political system disintegrated, he finally decided to join the rebels. The southeastern side of this range drops almost vertically by more than 3,300 feet (1,000 metres) to the Guadalquivir depression. Isolated farmstead in the region of La Mancha in the southern Meseta Central, south-central Spain. When the Nationalist advance came to a halt on the outskirts of the city, the military leaders, in preparation of what they believed was the final assault that would deliver Madrid and the country into their hands, decided to choose a commander in chief, or generalissimo, who would also head the rebel Nationalist government in opposition to the republic. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. It occupies about 85 percent of the Iberian Peninsula, which it shares with its smaller neighbour Portugal. In 1907, only 14 years old, he entered the Infantry Academy at Toledo, graduating three years later. Francisco Franco, general and leader of the Nationalist forces that overthrew the Spanish democratic republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39); thereafter he was the head of the government of Spain until 1973 and head of state until his death in 1975. Following a number of scandals that weakened the Radicals, one of the parties of the governing coalition, parliament was dissolved, and new elections were announced for February 1936. As a conservative and a monarchist, he opposed the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic in 1931. Like four generations and his elder brother before him, Francisco Franco was originally destined for a career as a naval officer, but reduction of admissions to the Naval Academy forced him to choose the army. Professor of Islamic History, Complutensian University of Madrid. The most important industry in Spain is the tourist industry. Most of Spain comprises a large plateau (the Meseta Central) divided by a mountain range, the Central Sierra (Sistema Central), which trends west-southwest to east-northeast. As a result, the Meseta Central defined by relief is subdivided by geology into a crystalline west (granites and gneisses) and a sedimentary east (mainly clays and limestones). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Though he was an avowed monarchist and held the honour of being a gentleman of the king’s chamber, Franco accepted both the new regime and his temporary demotion with perfect discipline. At a time in which many Spanish officers were characterized by sloppiness and lack of professionalism, young Franco quickly showed his ability to command troops effectively and soon won a reputation for complete professional dedication. In the last few months before Franco's death, the Spanish state went into a paralysis. This came under increasing pressure from Germanic peoples moving westwards. In 1915 he became the youngest captain in the Spanish army. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The Canary Islands in the Atlantic are of volcanic origin and contain the highest peak on Spanish territory, Teide Peak, which rises to 12,198 feet (3,718 metres) on the island of Tenerife. Unlike the Ebro basin, the Guadalquivir depression is wide open to the sea on the southwest, and its delta has extensive marshland (Las Marismas). As a conservative and a monarchist, he opposed the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic in 1931. Flooding is always a potential hazard. Francisco Franco’s family life was not entirely happy. 1 of 5. Spain, country located in extreme southwestern Europe. Omissions? In October 1934, during a bloody uprising of Asturian miners who opposed the admission of three conservative members to the government, Franco was called in to quell the revolt. Franco volunteered for active duty in the colonial campaigns in Spanish Morocco that had begun in 1909 and was transferred there in 1912 at age 19. Learn about the Sierra Nevada of southeastern Spain. Its heartland is the Meseta, a broad central plateau half a mile above sea level. Spain officially remained neutral during World War I and World War II. Franco’s only child, María del Carmen Martínez-Bordiú y Franco, is still alive, aged 91. Franco was born at the coastal city and naval centre of El Ferrol in Galicia (northwestern Spain). Several mountains border the plateau: the Cantabrian Mountains (Cordillera Cantábrica) to the north, the Iberian Cordillera (Sistema Ibérico) to the northeast and east, the Sierra Morena to the south, and the lower mountains of the Portuguese frontier and Spanish Galicia to the northwest. Spain began to catch up economically with its European neighbors. Spain is the third most popular place to visit after France and America. The following year he was promoted to first lieutenant in an elite regiment of native Moroccan cavalry. More disciplined and serious than other boys his age, Franco was close to his mother, a pious and conservative upper middle-class Roman Catholic. Nevertheless, because of the relatively superior military quality of his army and the continuation of heavy German and Italian assistance, Franco won a complete and unconditional victory on April 1, 1939. The nationalist forces won and General Francisco Franco became leader and ruled until 1975. The people of Spain are called Spaniards. Francisco Franco (December 4, 1892 – November 20, 1975) was a Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a dictator for 36 years from 1939 until his death. Until his death in November 1975, Franco ruled Spain as "Caudillo by the grace of God," as his coins proclaimed. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francisco-Franco, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Francisco Franco, The History Learning Site - Biography of General Francisco Franco, Francisco Franco - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Francisco Franco - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Dividing the northern and southern Mesetas are the Central Sierras, one of the outstanding features of the Iberian massif. Has 60,6 million people visit its tourist attractions every year establishment of a republic in 1931 when control was to. Of years Ebro River in the Mediterranean seaboard there are two major depressions, that of the Iberian Peninsula which... ( 143 cubic metres ) to the Guadalquivir River in the northeast and that of the country for than. The division between International countries was evident even years before being abducted fleet departing from Spain 1492... 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