], 1894, Livadiya, Crimea), emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894, opponent of representative government, and supporter of Russian nationalism.

In 1865, Nicolas died suddenly and Alexander became heir apparent (as Tsarevich). Prince Bismarck failed to do what was confidently expected of him. The palace was surrounded by moats, watch towers, and trenches, and soldiers were on guard night and day. [citation needed] These sentiments would resurface during 1875–1879, when the Eastern Question excited Russian society. Les décisions peuvent être supprimées par l'administration lorsqu'elles sont jugées inopportunes.

During his reign he adopted several repressive policies including the Russification of national minorities in the Russian Empire as well as persecution of the non-Orthodox religious groups. An inscription repeats his alleged saying "Russia has only two allies: the Army and the Navy."[47]. L'Alliance franco-russe de 1893, à Paris, avec le président de la République française Sadi Carnot et son ministre de la Marine Henri Rieunier allait se poursuivre avec le président Félix Faure en 1896 et demeurer jusqu'en 1917. He also forbade morganatic marriages, as well as those outside of the Orthodoxy.[10]. In his opinion Russia was to be saved from anarchical disorders and revolutionary agitation, not by the parliamentary institutions and so-called liberalism of Western Europe, but by the three principles which the elder generation of the Slavophils systematically recommended—nationality, Eastern Orthodoxy, and autocracy. The marriage resulted in six children, including the heir to the throne, the future Emperor Nicholas II. La réforme judiciaire est démantelée. Son père, alerté, ne s'inquiète guère de ce que son fils lui montre.

Veuillez réessayer. He did not, however, scandalize the believers by any public expression of his opinions, and did not indeed make himself conspicuous in any way during the campaign. All of Alexander III's internal reforms aimed to reverse the liberalization that had occurred in his father's reign. Following advice of his political mentor Konstantin Pobedonostsev, Alexander III determined to adopt a contrary policy. [19], Though Alexander was indignant at the conduct of German chancellor Otto von Bismarck towards Russia, he avoided an open rupture with Germany—even reviving the League of Three Emperors for a period of time and in 1887, signed the Reinsurance Treaty with the Germans. In 1885 a special Bank for the Nobility was opened with the aim of preserving the landed property of the gentry from final liquidation (for debt). All the internal reforms which he initiated were intended to correct what he considered as the too liberal tendencies of the previous reign, so that he left behind him the reputation of a sovereign of the retrograde type. However, this peace was often done at the expense of the working class and peasantry. Pour calculer l'évaluation globale en nombre d'étoiles et la répartition en pourcentage par étoile, nous n'utilisons pas une moyenne simple.

Comme la plupart de ses camarades officiers, Alexandre a des difficultés à concevoir de l'affection pour les « petits frères » bulgares. [25], Following his father's assassination, Alexander III was advised that it would be difficult for him to be kept safe at the Winter Palace. Industrial development increased during his reign. ", I. Michael Aronson, "The Prospects for the Emancipation of Russian Jewry during the 1880s.". On 18 November 2017, Vladimir Putin unveiled a bronze monument to Alexander III on the site of the former Maly Livadia Palace in Crimea. Serge de Witte, ministre des communications puis des finances à partir de 1892 sut par une habile politique financière attirer les capitaux étrangers en Russie, principalement français, et grâce aux emprunts (les fameux emprunts russes) contractés en France fit accélérer l'industrialisation, l'extraction minière et l'équipement ferroviaire du pays. In return for Russia’s support, which had enabled Bismark to create the German empire, it was thought that he would help Russia to solve the Eastern question in accordance with Russia’s own interests, but to the surprise and indignation of the cabinet of St. Petersburg, Bismark confined himself to acting the part of "honest broker" at the congress, and shortly afterwards he ostentatiously contracted an alliance with Austria for the express purpose of counteracting Russian designs in Eastern Europe. [18] Girs was usually successful in restraining the aggressive inclinations of Tsar Alexander convincing him that the very survival of the Tsarist system depended on avoiding major wars. He wanted the country to remain true to Russian Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality, and took drastic steps to prevent revolutionary agitations. After Alexander died, his heir Nicholas continued the tradition and commissioned two eggs, one for his wife, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and one for his mother, Dagmar, every Easter. L'armée en déroute ! The look of a man who stood above all others, but who carried a monstrous burden and who every minute had to fear for his life and the lives of those closest to him. )[citation needed] Other conservative advisors included Count D. A. Tolstoy (minister of education, and later of internal affairs) and I. N. Durnovo (D. A. Tolstoy's successor in the latter post). "Alexander III, Tsar of Russia 1881-1889. Bronze Commemorative Medal for the Russo-Turkish War, Dorpalen, Andreas. Bound by duty, he left his lady-love and married Princess Dagmar of Denmark (later known as Maria Feodorovna) in 1866 in the Imperial Chapel of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. Ces mesures dressent contre l'Empire des franges importantes des populations allogènes : l'historien Hugh Seton-Watson (en) alla jusqu'à dire que la révolution de 1905 fut « autant une révolution des non-Russes contre la russification qu'une révolution des ouvriers, des paysans et des intellectuels extrémistes contre l'autocratie. ». Sélectionnez la section dans laquelle vous souhaitez faire votre recherche.

Dagmar was so delighted by the First Hen egg that Alexander gave her an egg every year as an Easter tradition. Alexandre parait au départ plus slavophile que le gouvernement russe, mais sa nature flegmatique le préserve de nombre d'exagérations d'autres slavophiles. Art, Music, Literature, Sports and leisure, https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Alexander_III_of_Russia&oldid=1018651, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, married 1894, Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine; had issue, married 1894, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich Romanov; had issue, married 1912, Natalia, Princess Brassova; had issue, married Peter Friedrich Georg, Duke of Oldenburg, This article uses material from the 1911 edition of the. ». His reign cannot be regarded as an eventful period of Russian history; but under his hard rule the country made considerable progress.[22]. Il relie l'esplanade des Invalides aux Petit et Grand Palais. Au début du conflit, l'empereur nomme le grand-duc Nicolas Nicolaïevitch généralissime, ce qui est une grande déception pour le prince Alexandre qui espérait le poste[6]. The Tsar's gaze! [4], Some differences between father and son had first appeared during the Franco-Prussian War, when Alexander II supported the cabinet of Berlin while the Tsesarevich made no effort to conceal his sympathies for the French. On his deathbed, Alexander's elder brother Nicholas is said to have expressed the wish that his affianced bride, Princess Dagmar of Denmark, should marry his successor. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. In spite of all his shortcomings, Russia fought no major wars during his reign and thus he was dubbed "The Peacemaker", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQidSbLmRLM, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NvRHs0X7RCw. On ascending to the throne, however, Alexander III took Pobedonostsev's advice and cancelled the policy before its publication. Who Is The Greatest Female Warrior In History. Alexandre III se range à leur avis : il proclame dans le Manifeste du 29 avril 1881[9] que l'abandon du pouvoir autocratique porte en lui-même sa propre punition. With regard to Bulgaria he exercised similar self-control.

Diplomat Nikolay Girs, scion of a rich and powerful family, served as his Foreign Minister from 1882 to 1895 and established the peaceful policies for which Alexander has been given credit. Vos articles vus récemment et vos recommandations en vedette. Alexander III was succeeded by his eldest son Nicholas II of Russia. ", Carolly Erickson, Alexandra: The Last Tsarina, p. 19, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 459, Miranda Carter, George, Nicholas, and Wilhelm: Three Royal Cousins and the Road to World War I, p. 54, John Curtis Perry, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 54, Kalakaua to his sister, 12 July 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. [13] They banned Jews from inhabiting rural areas and shtetls (even within the Pale of Settlement) and restricted the occupations in which they could engage.[14][15]. Toutefois, il manifeste à de nombreuses reprises son désaccord sur la politique menée par son père, l'empereur Alexandre II. By abolishing the new consultative role that his father had granted members of the educated class, he gave further impetus to the growing revolutionary movements that included anarchist elements as well as republicans, democrats, and socialists. The composition of district zemstvo assemblies was changed from the figures given above to 5,433 representatives of landed owners (57 percent), 1,273 municipal representatives (13 percent), and 2,817 representatives of village communities.

[4], Bismarck failed to do what was expected of him by the Russian emperor. https://www.britannica.com/place/Russian-Empire/Alexander-III Born as the second son of the Emperor Alexander II of Russia, it was unlikely that he would succeed his father as the emperor. Under these circumstances, the greatest solicitude was devoted to the education of Nicholas as tsarevich, whereas Alexander received only the perfunctory and inadequate training of an ordinary grand-duke of that period, which did not go much beyond secondary instruction, practical acquaintance with French, English and German, and a certain amount of military drill. Dismayed to learn that Prince Wittgenstein had proposed to her in early 1866, he told his parents that he was prepared to give up his rights of succession in order to marry his beloved "Dusenka". Under these circumstances, the greatest solicitude was d… D'autre part le pays a besoin de capitaux pour financer son industrialisation naissante, et seule la France est capable de les lui fournir.

As a whole, his reign cannot be regarded as one of the eventful periods of Russian history, but it must be admitted that under his hard, unsympathetic rule the country made considerable progress. [citation needed], The Russian famine of 1891–92, which caused 375,000 to 500,000 deaths, and the ensuing cholera epidemic permitted some liberal activity, as the Russian government could not cope with the crisis and had to allow zemstvos to help with relief (among others, Leo Tolstoy helped organize soup-kitchens, and Chekhov directed anti-cholera precautions in several villages). Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich; 10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894)[1] was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death on 1 November 1894. [citation needed] These acts weakened the nobility and the peasantry and brought Imperial administration under the Emperor's personal control. Adolescent, il témoigne d'une force musculaire peu commune : « C'était l'Hercule de la famille[2]. Alexander III was known to be a man of peace when it came to foreign relations with other nations. Alexander I: The Tsar Who Defeated Napoleon, Little Mother of Russia: A Biography of Empress Marie Feodorovna, A People's Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution, Imperial Tea Party: Family, politics and betrayal: the ill-fated British and Russian royal alliance.

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