A reservation established in 1866 at Fort Peck, Montana, also drew exiles from Minnesota. On July 3, a farmer shot Little Crow while the Dakota chief picked berries with his son near Hutchinson.

[PHOTO OF LOG COURTHOUSE]  The first order of business was to identify both witnesses and potential defendants. On the other hand, the bar for conviction was low. Other Dakota attacks were made at Acton, Hutchinson, and Fort Abercrombie. Godfrey admitted he drove wagons for Dakota warriors. Only the unpopular intervention of President Lincoln saved 265 other Dakota from the fate met by the less fortunate thirty-eight. They knew what could come of it. The traditional history of the 1862 Dakota War reflects a regionalized understanding of the causes and consequences of the event, usually framed as a brief chapter in Minnesotan state history or North America’s Indian wars, a historical label that includes all manner of white settler-Native American conflicts ranging from before the American Revolution until the very end of the nineteenth century.3 The category is, by this definition, incredibly broad and tends to obscure connections between “Indian wars” and other concurrent historical episodes. Conceived as “Three Days of Peace and Music,” Woodstock was a product of a partnership between John ...read more, On August 17, 1998, President Bill Clinton becomes the first sitting president to testify before the Office of Independent Counsel as the subject of a grand-jury investigation.

As one volunteer to the Minnesota militia recorded in his memoirs, “the Sioux and the Chippewa had always been deadly enemies, but for the time being they had been persuaded by ‘Copperheads’ to unite to drive the white settlers across the Mississippi River and regain their hunting grounds.”17 The historical evidence of direct Confederate involvement with the Dakota is slim and most historians agree Confederates were not actively engaged in fomenting Indian rebellion in Minnesota. Consequences: Military Commission and Expulsion. On August 23, a second Dakota attack on New Ulm left most of the town burned to the ground, and 1,200 refugees, mostly women, children, and wounded men, set off in wagons and on foot for Mankato, thirty miles away. READ MORE: Native American History Timeline, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/dakota-uprising-begins-in-minnesota. By the time the Dakota wars broke out in 1862, most of the Dakota were starving. She testified that a Dakota warrior told her that Godfrey led a raid into a house and clubbed an occupant with a hatchet. In addition to providing lifelong history lovers, teachers, and students free access to premier digital research, the editors and writers of U.S. History Scene are available for freelance or consulting work. "Massacre" is a loaded word. While most Dakota chose not to fight, those who did tended to be young men belonging to the Mdewakanton band, led by Chiefs Sakpe (Shakopee), Wakanozhanzhan (Medicine Bottle), Taoyateduta (Little Crow), Wamditanka (Big Eagle) and Mankato. Godfrey claimed that he decided to go with the Indians out of duress: "I have my wife and children I didn't want killed." When I returned to my village that day I found that many of my band had changed their minds about the war, and wanted to go into it. [HEARD'S ACCOUNT OF TRIALS], Godfrey's testimony hurt most defendants, but helped others. They then tried to steal eggs from a small white settlement near Acton — about 60 miles West of Minneapolis. [PHOTO OF LINCOLN'S ORDER], In his report to the Senate, Lincoln explained his decision. They were implicated for being Dakota. Another planned attack of the prison camp by several hundred armed local citizens on December 4 was foiled by soldiers guarding the Dakota prisoners. There were no lawyers and no witnesses at the trials of these Dakota people and some were sentenced within mere minutes.

What should be done with the Dakota prisoners? And then the rest escaped and went to the Plains. To the north, the chiefs of the Upper Agency region opposed the fighting. 651-259-3015 • 844-667-8679.

The Dakota Indians were more commonly referred to as the Sioux, a derogatory name derived from part of a French word meaning “little snake.” They were composed of four bands, and lived on temporary reservations in southwestern Minnesota.

At dawn on September 2 at Birch Coulee Creek, Dakota warriors attacked a 170-man party of soldiers sent out to bury the bodies of settlers, killing 20 soldiers and 90 horses. They were hunger-marched for several days to Fort Snelling, near St. Paul. Ropes were placed around each of the 38 necks. Another former captive testified, "He appeared to me to be with the Indians, and to act as they did." Killing whites, the Dakota decided, was as easy as killing sheep. Additionally, the Dakota War of 1862 offers a unique vantage point from which to examine the expansion and legitimacy of federal power in the Civil War era, as well as reconsider the consequences of two concurrent wars of rebellion.5, Timeline of Events: The Dakota War of 1862. After the defendant gave whatever response he cared to make to the charge, prosecution witnesses were called. More details. The Sioux Uprising of 1862 was an event that shaped the Minnesota River Valley and Minnesota alike.

Seventy defendants were acquitted. Adrian J. Ebell, 8/21/1862, Cartoon about the Dakota War of 1862 featured in Harper’s Weekly on September 13, 1862.

Events moved quickly. Now he was lying on the ground dead, with his mouth stuffed full of grass, and the Indians were saying tauntingly: "Myrick is eating grass himself."

(Chaskey-etay had been convicted of murdering a pregnant woman.) In 1887 some Sissetons settled near Granite Falls; in 1910 they were joined by some Mdewakantons and Yanktons, forming the basis for today’s Upper Sioux community. Dead settlers cannot testify. At the Lower Agency at Redwood, however, things were handled differently. Critics of the trials also have argued that the commission was wrong to treat the defendants as common criminals rather than as the legitimate belligerents of a sovereign power.

Such was the problem for Paul Kitzman, a German farmer from Renville County, who had joined with twelve other families hurrying for the safety of Fort Ridgely once news of an Indian uprising arrived on the evening of August 18th. Only the unpopular intervention of President Lincoln saved 265 other Dakota and mixed-bloods from the fate met by the less fortunate thirty-eight.

Not a single defendant claimed that Godfrey had identified the wrong man. They had no one to track down possible defense witnesses. Other Dakota participated only in battles, such as the sieged of Fort Ridgely or the two assaults on St. Paul. These are people who were guilty of nothing.”. Then Godfrey took over. On the first leg of the journey all 1,300 Dakota were placed on two steamboats; at Hannibal, Missouri, half the exiles were put aboard a train with sixty persons to a freight car. Annuity payments reduced the once proud Dakota to the status of dependents. Dakota leaders were frustrated by attempts to convince traders to extend credit to tribal members and alleviate the suffering. That battle ended with the deaths of 150 Dakota and nearly 1,000 white settlers during the fighting itself — but the true numbers of Dakota casualties over the next several years are still, to this day, untold.

Settlers, with their agricultural practices, degraded habitats in traditional hunting grounds. At an August 15, 1862 meeting attended by Dakota representatives, Indian Agent Thomas Galbraith, and representatives of the traders, the traders resisted pleas to distribute provisions held in agency warehouses to starving Dakota until the annuity payments finally arrived. Dakota communities outside Minnesota were concentrated in several major areas: reservations created at Santee, Nebraska (1869); Sisseton and Devil’s Lake, North Dakota (established by treaty in 1867); as well as reserves in Manitoba and Saskatchewan (throughout the 1870s). He asked for additional troops and urged extermination of what the called "the wild beasts" and "maniacs" a hundred miles to the west. Box 40, Letterbook 4, Whipple Papers, Minnesota Historical Society. He said war was now declared. These were homicide trials without sheriffs, detectives, or coroners. A small group of families left the reservation at Santee and formed a community in the Big Sioux river valley in Flandreau, South Dakota, in 1869. When it came time to deliver on this, however, the U. S. government changed the terms and instead sent the payments to the white settlers who sold goods to the Dakota. At one family homestead, they killed an entire family of six, including four children aged two to eight.

Already starving in the later summer of 1862, the Dakota could not afford to wait much longer for the money owed to them, particularly when local traders refused to extend additional lines of credit to the hungry Indians. Mayo's sons, both physicians, would later found the Mayo Clinic. Not all war parties, however, killed indiscriminately. He was the famous outlaw’s first victim. Colonel Sibley, however, had another idea. The first came when desperate Dakota people broke into a government “agency” (administrative offices that managed the reservations and held stores of food) known as the Upper Agency (see map above) to take flour and other staples. Soon area doctors, including one named William Mayo, arrived to collect cadavers for their medical research. The trials proceeded in three batches. At the signal of three drumbeats, a single blow from an ax cut the rope that held the platform and the prisoners (except for one whose rope had broke, and who consequently had to be restrung) fell to their deaths. The helium-filled balloon was piloted by Ben Abruzzo, Maxie Anderson, and Larry Newman and flew 3,233 miles in ...read more, U.S. General George S. Patton and his 7th Army arrive in Messina several hours before British Field Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery and his 8th Army, winning the unofficial “Race to Messina” and completing the Allied conquest of Sicily. When “the Indians, at least one of whom Kitzman knew well, assured them that it was the Chippewa who were on the warpath,” Kitzman and his compatriots returned home with an Indian escort. In its place is a large limestone statue of a bison. Most of the whites who survived the war fled the area. Southern leaders also “recognized the Indian Territory’s strategic importance and sought immediately to control it.”15 Southerners, in need of manpower once enlistments began to suffer as the war continued past the first six months, were also interested in Indian Territory for recruitment purposes. Worse yet, a wave of white settlers surrounded them. LINK TO BISHOP WHIPPLE'S DISCUSSION OF CAUSES OF WAR, LINK TO CARTOON STORY ABOUT WOOD LAKE BATTLE AND SURRENDER, Chronology of the Dakota Conflict (Sioux Uprising) Trials, Dakota Conflict Trials: Maps and Explanations, Key Figures in the Dakota Conflict Trials, Excerpts from: History of The Sioux War And Massacre, Records of Selected Cases Decided by the Military Commission Sitting in Minnesota, Lincoln's Order of December 6, 1862, Authorizing the Execution of Thirty-Eight Dakota, Lincoln's Message to Senate Regarding "Indian Barbarities", Excerpts From: Light and shadows of a long episcopate (1902).

"He never told me he was forced into it," the witness said. The Mdewakantons, for example, were divided into nine bands. As was true for Americans personally affected by the Civil War, loyalties in Minnesota conflicted at every turn and war became a contest between two opposing visions for the future.

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