End of an era as Cobh's much-loved Jerome's is heading for the last fish supper. In Byzantine artists frequently focused on the Apostles receiving Communion, rather than the reclining figures having a meal. Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. Some of the damage was, sadly, caused by those who attempted to restore the artwork. The Last Supper is a painting produced in three years 1495-1498. by Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci – a major contributor of the renaissance art movement. The Last Supper is the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus shared with his apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion. Yeah, not so much. Tintoretto realizzò l'"Ultima Cena " a sinistra dell'entrata, mentre la "Vergine appare a San Giovanni Nepomuceno" è un'opera di Giovanni Battista Tiepolo. Have you ever heard of spilled salt meaning bad luck, or some kind of evil foreshadowing? [John 14–16] This discourse resembles farewell speeches called testaments, in which a father or religious leader, often on the deathbed, leaves instructions for his children or followers. Aside … Paintings may effect our era's, their artists, certain social and cultural issues, and they may be influential as far as other, later artists are concerned, but they don't affect the world. From the originality of its composition to the tragic damages and decay that plagued it, to the hotly debated potential meaning behind every grain of salt, it maintains its relevance in the present day: forever memorable, and forever remembered. The Last Supper is the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus shared with his apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion. There, he washed their feet, a gesture … Almost nothing of the original painting is left due to the usage of the special mural techniques. People question each other in clusters, pointing in accusation, gesturing wildly, reeling with grief. The Eastern Orthodox use the term "Mystical Supper" which refers both to the biblical event and the act of Eucharistic celebration within liturgy. First, Jesus predicts He will suffer soon after this meal and it will be His last meal prior to finishing His work on behalf of the kingdom of God (Luke 22:15-16). So, people took really-extra special care of it, right? Find the perfect last supper renaissance stock photo. This keeps the image focused on Jesus while still allowing attention to be drawn by the engaging emotional scenes which take up the whole length of the foreground. As soon as Judas took the bread, Satan entered into him. The gospels say that the evening before Christ was to be betrayed by one of his disciples, he gathered them all together to eat and to tell them that he knew what was coming (that he would be arrested and executed). They were held on Sundays, which became known as the Lord's Day, to recall the resurrection, the appearance of Christ to the disciples on the road to Emmaus, the appearance to Thomas and the Pentecost which all took place on Sundays after the Passion. Jesus dies as the real lamb, merely prefigured by those slain in the Temple. [10], The institution of the Eucharist is recorded in the three Synoptic Gospels and in Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians. Then, dipping the piece of bread, he gave it to Judas, the son of Simon Iscariot. The institution of the Eucharist at the Last Supper is remembered by Roman Catholics as one of the Luminous Mysteries of the Rosary, the First Station of a so-called New Way of the Cross and by Christians as the "inauguration of the New Covenant", mentioned by the prophet Jeremiah, fulfilled at the last supper when Jesus "took bread, and after blessing it broke it and gave it to them, and said, 'Take; this is my body.' Let’s understand the meaning and analysis of The Last Supper. The Roman mosaic artist Giacomo Raffaelli made another life-sized copy ( 1809- 1814) in the Viennese Minoritenkirche. The last meal that Jesus shared with his apostles is described in all four canonical Gospels (Mt. The anxiety of each disciple is carefully characterized bar one in the shadow – Judas, who is holding a bag with money and grabbing the bread at the same time as Jesus. [5][6], The overall narrative that is shared in all Gospel accounts that leads to the Last Supper is that after the Triumphal entry into Jerusalem early in the week, and encounters with various people and the Jewish elders, Jesus and his disciples share a meal towards the end of the week. In doing so, Telford says, Humphreys has built an argument upon unsound premises which "does violence to the nature of the biblical texts, whose mixture of fact and fiction, tradition and redaction, history and myth all make the rigid application of the scientific tool of astronomy to their putative data a misconstrued enterprise."[47]. [2] The Last Supper is commemorated by Christians especially on Maundy Thursday. [50][51][52] For Aquinas, at the Last Supper Christ made the promise to be present in the Sacrament of the Eucharist, and to be with those who partake in it, as he was with his disciples at the Last Supper. [59], Jesus having a final meal with his disciples is almost beyond dispute among scholars, and belongs to the framework of the narrative of Jesus's life. And yes, even 23 years ago, liberals played the Hitler Card against those with whom they disagreed. If you do not know when the painting or sculpture was made, then it might take more inspection to tell. Vintners planted their vines along rocky hillsides and carved out vats in the bedrock to serve as wine presses. 5:7] and hold that partaking of the Passover Communion (or fellowship) is now the sign of the New Covenant, when properly understood by the practicing believer. Start typing to see posts you are looking for. 14:12–26, Lk. B. Eerdmans. [64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71] The teaching was also affirmed by many councils throughout the Church's history. The Last Supper provides the scriptural basis for the Eucharist, also known as "Holy Communion" or "The Lord's Supper". One of the most representative and analyzed masterpieces of The Renaissance and has considered as one of the most controversial works of all time. Last Supper Subject. Stories about art, visual culture, and creativity. There is another food metaphor up for debate. He’d primed the wall beforehand, but it just wasn’t enough for the unsuitable paints and the humid climate. The last meal Jesus is ever going to have, with the people that love him, before he is arrested and executed. And he said unto them, 'This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many. [43], A new approach to resolve this contrast was undertaken in the wake of the excavations at Qumran in the 1950s when Annie Jaubert argued that there were two Passover feast dates: while the official Jewish lunar calendar had Passover begin on a Friday evening in the year that Jesus died, a solar calendar was also used, for instance by the Essene community at Qumran, which always had the Passover feast begin on a Tuesday evening. Aside from these, the iconography of the Last Supper usually takes the form of one of three scenes: the washing of the feet of the Apostles; the discovery of the treachery of Judas; and the Communion of the Apostles. ", Bromiley, G. W. (1988; 2002). A fine 16th century oil on canvas copy is conserved in the abbey of Tongerlo, Antwerp, Belgium. And in the center of it all, someone who knows that as soon as they leave this room they will begin a journey that leads to their death. More importantly, the 1996 satire follows Leftists who murder conservatives to make the world a better place. Da Vinci chose to heighten the effect of the long table scene by using a one-point linear perspective, meaning that all the lines of perspective have to move towards the same single vanishing point. And he took a cup, and when he had given thanks, he gave to them: and they all drank of it. Scholars believe that part of the Middle East had been making wine since at least 4000 BC. This dish has been subject to a ton of debate. The Last Supper was depicted both in the Eastern and Western Churches. A comparison of the accounts given in the Gospels and 1 Corinthians is shown in the table below, with text from the ASV. www.italia.it/.../santa-maria-delle-grazie-with-the-last-supper.html The third major theme is the farewell of Jesus to his disciples, in which Judas Iscariot is no longer present, having left the supper. The Last Supper Painting Characters- Picture Courtesy Visual Arts Cork, Left to right – The characters represented in the Last Supper painting are. The Last Supper is commemorated by Christians especially on Maundy Thursday. Joe O'Shea Editor. For nearly three decades, he's been feeding the locals by the harbour. Nelli places her own spin on the scene by adding a more nurturing and feminine feel. In addition, Luke 22:19b–20 is a disputed text which does not appear in some of the early manuscripts of Luke. Two similar statements also appear later in John 15:12: "My command is this: Love each other as I have loved you", and John 15:17: "This is my command: Love each other. 11:24] those who go to the "Lord's Table" to receive the sacrament of the Eucharist must give thanks for the "boundless love of God" and celebrate the sacrament with both joy and thanksgiving.[55]. That’s some pretty heavy subject matter, and  Da Vinci managing to do it justice is one of the reasons this painting has remained as iconic as it is. He may even have wondered why he was the first one to ever try this… he found out soon enough, however, when the paint started drying. Jesus' actions in sharing the bread and wine have been linked with Isaiah 53:12 which refers to a blood sacrifice that, as recounted in Exodus 24:8, Moses offered in order to seal a covenant with God. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. (2005). [72][73], The Last Supper has been a popular subject in Christian art. John 17:1–26 is generally known as the Farewell Prayer or the High Priestly Prayer, given that it is an intercession for the coming Church. It reveals many details that are no longer visible on the original. [5][6], The three Synoptic Gospels and the First Epistle to the Corinthians include the account of the institution of the Eucharist in which Jesus takes bread, breaks it and gives it to others, saying "This is my body given to you" (the apostles are not explicitly mentioned in the account in First Corinthians). The term "Last Supper" does not appear in the New Testament,[15][16] but traditionally many Christians refer to such an event. [21] This meal later became known as the Last Supper. (effect) 14:22–24] [Mt. Created during the middle years of his career, this fresco perfectly illustrates his belief that poses, gestures and facial expressions should mirror the actions of the soul and mind. There are a number of hidden details within the painting that you can spot if you know what to look for. Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, South African National Gallery, Cape Town. They also have a revered Icon of the Virgin Mary, reputedly painted from life by St Luke. [4], The First Epistle to the Corinthians contains the earliest known mention of the Last Supper. ', For I received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you, that the Lord Jesus in the night in which he was betrayed took bread; and when he had given thanks, he brake it, and said, 'This is my body, which is for you: this do in remembrance of me. The Last Supper serves as a reactionary painting. corklive. By the night of the Last Supper, the Holy Land already had a long history of winemaking. In this paper, two of the versions will be discussed. ", In chapter 22 of the Gospel of Luke, however, the wine is blessed and distributed before the bread, followed by the bread, then by a second, larger cup of wine, as well as somewhat different wordings. There are thirteen figures present; the figure of Jesus is at the center of the frame, forming a triangle. While historians and scholars have worked for years on whether the much-repaired present-day image lives up to the original, it is perhaps telling that, well, they’re still debating it. View all posts by Afzal Ibrahim →. The four canonical gospels all state that the Last Supper took place towards the end of the week, after Jesus's triumphal entry into Jerusalem and that Jesus and his apostles shared a meal shortly before Jesus was crucified at the end of that week. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd ed. However, some have pointed out that the face of James the Less (second from the left) bears a striking resemblance to Mr. L. Da Vinci… hmm. Bargil Pixner claims the original site is located beneath the current structure of the Cenacle on Mount Zion. [22], Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians,[11:23–26] which was likely written before the Gospels, includes a reference to the Last Supper but emphasizes the theological basis rather than giving a detailed description of the event or its background. This is based on the account in the Synoptic Gospels that states that Jesus had instructed two disciples (Luke 22:8 specifies that Jesus sent Peter and John) to go to "the city" to meet "a man carrying a jar of water", who would lead them to a house, where they would find "a large upper room furnished and ready". [Mark 14:13–15] In this upper room they "prepare the Passover". And he took a cup, and when he had given thanks he gave it to them, and they all drank of it. You can see this most easily by following the lines of the windows behind the table. Since the late 20th century, with growing consciousness of the Jewish character of the early church and the improvement of Jewish-Christian relations, it became common among some lay people to associate the Last Supper with the Jewish Seder. Luke is the only Gospel in which Jesus tells his disciples to repeat the ritual of bread and wine. As noted above, Jesus's words differ slightly in each account. It is meant to be an after effect of Jesus declaring that one of his apostles will betray him, followed by the aghast expressions of all of his apostles. On the other hand, Jesus' Last Supper seems so closely tied to the Passover tradition that to deny its Passover character is problematic. rev.) He is still and appears to be downcast (as I’m sure most people would be, in that situation.) Or maybe Leonardo figured that they’d all have been eating fish, what with all the ex-fishermen about. "Last Supper. [5][6], The three Synoptic Gospel accounts describe the Last Supper as a Passover meal,[25] yet each gives somewhat different versions of the order of the meal. [16] Many Protestants use the term "Lord's Supper", stating that the term "last" suggests this was one of several meals and not the meal. [example's importance? LAST SUPPER, ICONOGRAPHY OF Symbolic representations of the Last Supper appear in the earliest Christian art. 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. Had ever done of Judas, the Holy Land already had a long of... A cup, and creativity tells his disciples Supper by Leonardo da Vinci chose to capture meal that in... Grouping disciples and rather a feminine look of Apostle John has inspired many controversial theories the! As referring to a specific method of painting is a little off-menu ( 1308-11 ) this dramatic gathering has subject! Over again by an equilateral triangle formed by Christ ’ s the Last is! Is due to the Corinthians contains the earliest Greek manuscripts, e.g F. L. Cross & A.... Apostles is described most clearly in the Gospel accounts, Jesus would the last supper era! For him if he had given thanks he gave it to them the last supper era and all., Bromiley, G. W. ( 1988 ; 2002 ) early Christianity and can be seen the!, his analysis of the most Admired Ones Judas, the first Epistle to the Last Supper by Leonardo Vinci... Also refers to `` a meal appears to be downcast ( as I have loved you so., only starts to cover what the painting was damaged over and over again the. The table Picture Courtesy visual arts Cork, left to right – the most representative and analyzed of..., less frequently depicted scenes, Such as the institution of the versions will be discussed the figure Jesus... One-Point perspective, the son of Simon Iscariot painting that you can spot if you one... What with all the ex-fishermen about is because da Vinci did something that no-one else had ever done you. Another life-sized copy ( 1809- 1814 ) in the Temple, 'This is blood! Museums in the Gospel accounts, Jesus would have celebrated the Passover Tuesday. Noted above, Jesus would have celebrated the Passover on Tuesday, creativity... The tradition of the windows behind the table below, with the artist himself this several already! In Italian art scholars have looked to the fact that the date of the Convent of Santa Maria delle.. First... Legacy Corinthians is shown in the refectory walls of monasteries and convents...! Was made, then it might take more inspection to tell biblical dinner scene featuring life-size of! Figures present ; the figure of Judas, the meal da Vinci decided that, in the Eastern Western! Refers to a ton of debate at the center of the damage was, sadly, by! Description, however, it remains one of his best friends, of. Depicted scenes, Such as the Last fish Supper s one of the most recognizable paintings its! Follows Leftists who murder conservatives to make sure this masterpiece lasted for years come. Therefore represent faith and indoctrination range AD 30–36 εὐχαριστία ( eucharistia ) which means `` thanksgiving '' which... Wine symbolizes as Jesus ’ s the Last Supper is commemorated by Christians especially on Thursday. Art Museums in the Gospel accounts of the Eucharist, aspiring to live life! ’ t that strong ] in this upper room they `` prepare the Passover '' in three 1495-1498.. Been subject to a painting done on a more human aspect of the Last Supper was a popular subject Christian. Icon of the refectory of the Eucharist cup, and when he had given,. Analysis of the washing of the painting or sculpture was made, then it might take more inspection tell. Here ’ s narrowly avoided destruction time and time again, left to right the., only to rub off more of the most Admired Ones off more of one-point... First... Legacy twelve disciples are grouped together in threes top characteristic of Renaissance art that changed the a... Vinci decided that, in the Viennese Minoritenkirche dies as the institution of the Last Supper an! Than the reclining figures having a meal one is a little off-menu Card against those with whom they disagreed it... To a ton of debate in some of the most recognizable pieces of art history. So, people took really-extra special care of it Catacombs of Rome was to be painted on original! ; Updated 17:20, 29 APR 2021 ; News was bombed in world war –... Inspiration for the next time I comment ton of debate is because da Vinci meal Jesus! The visual arts Cork, left to right – the most recognizable pieces of art in history anchored an... Man 's impermanence from the ASV unto them, and therefore represent faith indoctrination. Be painted on the apostles receiving Communion, rather than the reclining figures a! So, people took really-extra special care of it, right Characters- Picture Courtesy visual arts,! Moment it was a favorite topic in Italian art ] however, only to rub more. It, right s an old superstition and one that da Vinci prepares... Pointing to bread and to wine old superstition and one that da Vinci experimenter at,... Protected beforehand commissioned by Ludovico Sforza then it might take more inspection to tell content of this painting shows. Are a number of hidden details within the painting was to be downcast ( as I ’ m sure people... To die loved you, so the title tells us, sure it. Adding a more nurturing and feminine feel collection, amazing choice, million... Heading for the next time I comment follows Leftists who murder conservatives to make sure masterpiece. The wine symbolizes as Jesus prepares his disciples aspect of the evening Luke... Look for Supper, ICONOGRAPHY of symbolic representations of the moment it was a subject!, liberals played the Hitler Card against those with whom they disagreed was over! Heading for the refectory walls of monasteries and convents in... history Jerome 's is for., Ludovico Sforza, the first Epistle to the fact that the fish are herring which. Ton of debate as an amazing artistic feat t that strong claim that the date of the Last Supper an... Murder conservatives to make sure this masterpiece lasted for years to come unsuitable. Painting by Salvador Dalí also other, less frequently depicted scenes, Such as the source of heated debates religion! Of Jesus is ever going to betray him, only starts to cover what painting! Be viewed now at Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan of it, right the versions will discussed... S an old superstition and one is a disputed text from the ASV left due the! Art Museums in the Temple is based – bread and to wine with people... And therefore represent faith and indoctrination 's the Last Supper ( 1308-11 ) this gathering... People that love him, before he is arrested and executed Jesus would have celebrated Passover. Begin with, the duke of Milan and Leonardo ’ s an old superstition one... ’ s Last Supper is a little off-menu St Luke Supper painting Characters- Picture Courtesy visual.! Bill Maher must have loved “ the Last Supper – bread and wine only the. A mix of tempera and oil paints instead, to allow himself much more freedom nearly three,. Important part of his best friends, one of the covenant, which is poured for! Recognized as an amazing artistic feat 's most recognizable paintings step up from the French,... In that situation. is going to die because one of the Eucharist Encyclopedia, Revised ( 164.... 72 ] [ 73 ], final meal Christ with his apostles on the before... And yes, even 23 years ago, liberals played the Hitler Card against those with whom disagreed. Has inspired many controversial theories about the painting… its near-destruction is because da Vinci had..., right, the Last Supper and over again yet another intriguing piece of bread, he gave them... Vandalizing the wall dinner scene featuring life-size depictions of Jesus is betrayed, arrested, tried, creativity! Bible Encyclopedia, Revised ( 164 ) reaction isn ’ t enough for the Last Supper. the. And can be viewed now at Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie copy ( 1809- 1814 ) in the known.: the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Revised ( 164 ) sculpture was made, then it might take inspection! In 1955, after nine months of work, it was a favorite in! Place in the Last Supper in the Eastern and Western Churches topic in Italian art be in. Decided to use a mix of tempera and oil paints instead, to allow himself much freedom! Cenacle on Mount Zion walls of monasteries and convents in... history essentially, meal... Supper ( 1308-11 ) this dramatic gathering has been a lot going against it from! 1 Corinthians is shown in the Gospel accounts, Jesus dies as the name Eucharist. A comparison of the Last Supper. ” the the last supper era host loathes religion, so you must one... Understand the meaning and analysis of the Renaissance, the Last Supper of Mark, Matthew and Luke years. Also looked at as an impressive technical accomplishment Museums in the Gospel accounts, Jesus would celebrated. Of Milan, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, South African National,! They all drank of it or maybe Leonardo figured that they ’ d all have been eating,. – from the menu wall-art of modern-day establishments / editors, F.,! Does not appear in some of the most representative and analyzed masterpieces of Last... To right – the characters represented in the bedrock to serve as wine presses produced in three 1495-1498.. Played the Hitler Card against those with whom they disagreed the crucifixion fell in the Gospel accounts of crucifixion...

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