After the martyrdom of Imam al-Husayn (a) and his companions on the 10th of Muharram/October 13, in the Battle of Karbala, and the burial of their bodies in this vicinity i.e. Close to the mausoleum of Imam al-Husayn (a) two stations are located i.e. 8, p. 197. The Al Tu'ma, Al Naqib, al-Bihbahani, al-Shahristani, and al-Shirazi are some of these families. [12] The Imam (a), together with the majority of his companions, were martyred on that day and the remaining members of the Imam's (a) caravan, which was mainly women and children, were taken as prisoners and firstly sent to Kufa and then to Damascus, which was the capital of Yazid's government in Syria. This ritual is done in remembrance of the late arrival of the inhabitants of this city to Karbala on the day of Ashura. The recommendation of visiting the Imam (a) on specific occasions such as Ashura,[30] Arba'in[31] and the 15th of Sha'ban[32] results in the greatest number of visitors being on these days.

The Shi'a of Karbala walk towards the mausoleums of Imam al-Husayn (a) and al-'Abbas (a) from this village on the afternoon of the Ashura, when they arrive in the vicinity of the mausoleums, they run between "Bayn al-Haramayn" (the place between the two mausoleums) while beating heads and cheats in grief.

[51] After the era of occultation, jurists such as al-Najashi, al-Sayyid b. Tawus, al-Shahid al-Awwal and Ibn Fahd al-Hilli sought knowledge from the seminary of Karbala. Sayyid Kubārī, ‘’Ḥawzahā-yi ʿilmīyya-yi Shīʿa’’, p. 256. These activities, which were also done in other cities of Iraq, wasted a large amount of life and wealth of the Iraqi Nation. Many of Husayn's followers, including all of his present sons Ali Akbar, Ali Asghar (six months old) and his nephews Qassim, Aun and Muhammad were killed.[21].

[13], The emphasis of the Infallible Imams (a) and the attention of the Shi'a to it, laid the groundwork for the building of a structure over the grave of Imam al-Husayn (a) and the creating of a resting place for the pilgrims and visitors of the Imam (a) during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras. Zamayzim, ‘’Karbala wa l-ḥarkat al-waṭanīyya’’, p. 10-16. The city began as a tomb and shrine to Husayn and grew as a city in order to meet the needs of pilgrims.

The original shrine was destroyed by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil in 850 but was rebuilt in its present form around 979, only to be partly destroyed by fire in 1086 and rebuilt yet again. 4, p. 456-457. Ibn Athīr, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. [11] On the 10th of Muharram 61/October 13, 680, after the caravan of the Imam has been halted there for a few days, a battle between the armies of Imam al-Husayn (a) and army of Umar b. Sa'd commenced. The history of Karbala goes back to Ancient Babylonia; after the Islamic conquests, different tribes resided around the city of Karbala and close to the Euphrates River.

Over history, the city of Karbala has been called by other names such as Al-Ghadiriyya, Naynawa, 'Aqar, al-Ha'ir, and Nawawis. The poets of Karbala, according to Iraqi literary and historical reports, have played a great role in the scholarly and political movements of Iraq. 101, tradition 60. His tomb, with a gilded dome and three minarets, is the central building in the city and a place of pilgrimage for Shia Muslims. Mufīd, ‘’al-Irshād’’, 1388 Sh, p. 509-523. [41], With the forming of various communist blocs in the wake of Iraqi independence, branches such as the Iraqi Communist Party were established and active in Najaf and Karbala and attracted a large amount of youth towards their ideals. On their way to Mecca, they stopped at the site of the battle. Some of those practices include the Tuwairij mourning ceremony, the Ziyarah al-Arba'in and its procession, the building of husayniyyas and religious centers, the making turbah and misbaha from the soil of Karbala and ta'ziya depicting the events of Karbala. [7], The most important event that led to Karbala becoming prominent and so significant to the Shi'a is the Battle of Karbala that place there. The first city perimeter, creation of residential areas, new bazaars and Islamic institutions such as the 'Adudiya Seminary and Ra's al-Husayn Masjid were all built on the orders of 'Adad al-Dawla al-Daylami in 372/982-83 and gives a picture of the expansion of the city during this period.[26]. [53] In addition to schools and institutes, many libraries were also established in Karbala of which some had a very high status in the eyes of Shi'a researchers because of the manuscripts that were stored in them. Thousands of ta'zīyas in various shapes and sizes are made every year for the months of mourning of Muharram and Safar; and are carried in processions and may be buried at the end of Ashura or Arba'een. The soil of Karbala or the soil of Imam al-Husayn (a) that is usually sand or dust gathered from around the grave of Imam al-Husayn (a) is shown a great deal of respect by the Shi'a because of the qualities that have been narrated about it. Shi'a from all across the globe come to this city on various occasions to perform the visitation of Imam al-Husayn (a). The Shi'a from the very first centuries, because of the importance given to it by the Infallible Imams, had a great religious zeal towards the Arba'in visitation. It has also been mentioned in some records that before the Islamic conquests, Karbala was a Christian graveyard, while other reports mention it to be a central Zoroastrian fire temple. [45] After the formation of the Islamic Dawa Party, another organization known as the Islamic Action Organization was founded in Karbala in 1962 by individuals who were related to the al-Shirazi family. [27], After the First Saudi State invasion, the city enjoyed semi-autonomy during Ottoman rule, governed by a group of gangs and mafia variously allied with members of the 'ulama. In 2003 following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Karbala town council attempted to elected United States Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Lopez as Mayor. The investigator Yaqut al-Hamawi had pointed out that the meaning of "Karbala" could have several explanations, one of which is that the place where Husayn ibn Ali was martyred is made of soft earth—"Al-Karbalat". But we delivered him (Ibrahim) and Lut (from their Polytheistic opponents), and directed them to the land which we have blessed for the Worlds. In terms of the hawaz in Karbala, After the death of a renowned Alama, the Sayyid Muhammad, the leadership in terms of teacher shifted to taqlid to mujtahid. The visitors to Karbala not only visit Imam al-Husayn (a) but also visit the shrine of al-'Abbas (a). Ṭūsī, ‘’Tahdhīb al-aḥkām’’, vol. In the 20th century and especially during the British occupation of Iraq, Karbala witnessed the formation of many different parties and movements, in addition to the establishment of branches of active Iraqi parties within it. Kilīdār, ‘’Tārīkh Karbalāʾ’’, p. 19; Anṣārī, ‘’ʿImārat Karbalāʾ’’, p. 95. The Shia-ruled Indian Province of Awadh, known by the British as Oudh, had always sent money and pilgrims to the holy city. [24] The attack was coincident with the anniversary of Ghadir Khum event,[25] or 10 Muharram. The main reason given for these conflicts was their opposition to the occupation of the American forces of Iraq. Al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi was the first person, in addition to placing a structure upon the grave of the Imam (a), to build a masjid and develop a small village[17] that was formed of a few houses that were built using clay and the trunk and leaves of palm trees. Holy Shrine of Lady Fatima al-Ma'suma (a), Every Day Is Ashura and Every Land Is Karbala, Al-Ziyarah al-Rajabiyya li-l-Imam al-Husayn (a), Shrine of Muhammad b. al-Imam al-Hadi (a), https://en.wikishia.net/index.php?title=Karbala&oldid=156693, Articles with quality and priority assessment, University of Karbala, Unversity of Ahl al-Bayt, Ibrahim al-Ja'fari, Nuri al-Maliki, Ali Akbar Salihi. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Shia in Karbala, Najaf and elsewhere rose up in rebellion against Saddam Hussein. Zamayzim, ‘’Karbala wa l-ḥarkat al-waṭanīyya’’, p. 29-30. Since then, until its fall, the Iraqi Government reportedly restricted the twice-yearly pilgrimages to Karbala with ensuing clashes. the al-Mukhayyam, the al-Tall al-Zaynabi and the burial site of al-Hurr b. Yazid al-Riyahi. [14][15][16][17] Up to 8 million pilgrims visit the city to observe ʿĀshūrāʾ (the tenth day of the month of Muharram), which marks the anniversary of Husayn's death, but the main event is the Arbaʿīn (the 40th day after 'Ashura'), where up to 30 million visit the graves. 44, p. 301. "[66] The documentary shows the March 1991 destruction of the city by Saddam's army through the video camera of two brothers who lived in the city. This was the case until Muhammad Taqi al-Shirazi migrated from Samarra to Kadhimiya and then eventually to Karbala. Thus the tomb of the martyred Imam has acquired this great significance in Shi'ite tradition because the Imam and his fellow martyrs are seen as models of jihad in the way of God. Video footage of the actual city exists in a British documentary entitled "Saddam's Killing Fields. Explorers such as Carsten Niebuhr and John Asher, on their visits to the city, wrote about the expansion of Karbala during the Ottoman era in their travel logs. Mūsawī Zanjānī, ‘’Jawlat fī al-amākin al-muqaddasa’’, p. 83. 2, p. 36-37. [29], The visitation of Imam al-Husayn (a) has always been an action that was given particular attention by the Shi'a. The Iranians who were now living in Karbala played an important role in raising the commercial standard in Karbala and were also responsible for establishing husayniyyas, Islamic seminaries, libraries, and masjids during this period. In quashing the resistance movements, the mausoleum of Imam al-Husayn (a) was severely damaged by the Baathist forces. During the era of Baathist rule under Saddam Hussain, a party known as the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq was founded by a group of Shi'a scholars. 4, p. 178. In 63 AH (682 ), Yazid ibn Mu'awiya released the surviving members of Husayn's family from prison. One of the religious rituals of the Shi'a is the Arba'in visitation of Karbala. Almost all of the yearly precipitation is received between November and April, though no month is wet. The city, best known as the location of the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE, or the shrines of Imam Husayn and Abbas,[8][9] is considered a holy city for Shi'ite Muslims, in the same way as Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. In jurisprudence, doing prostration on the soil of Karbala is a highly recommended action. Āl Ṭuʿma, ‘’Turāth Karbalāʾ’’, p. 414-440. ". ‘’Nigāhīno bi jaryān-i ʿĀshūrā’’, p. 420-421.

This page was last edited on 6 October 2019, at 02:35. His leadership in the fight against British colonialism in Iraq and the joining of some of the scholars and students of the seminary anti-British movements and uprisings brought a new lease of life to the seminary of Karbala . After the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century and the colonization of the British, the city of Karbala has witnessed the formation of political, social and cultural groups and parties and this has only increased after the gaining of independence by Iraq.

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