29:38-44). 4:11; 5:19 [22]; I K. 8:12; Jer. There will be a complete
Like the locusts, nothing can stop him. An analysis of the text further indicates that Joel lived during the period of the Second Temple of Jerusalem (516 bc – ad 70), for his book reflects the liturgy then in use.. 2:17 [15]; Jer. midst of) Israel (2:27). 6:1; 2 S. 22:10; Job 22:13; 38:9). No mention is made that Goshen was excluded. slavery to the Pharaoh of Egypt was observed by the devout (Ex. of the number three, and the description of the invincible, innumerable retinue
Sinai with Mt. 14:19-20; Is. 21:3-5). 30:17 [16]; Hos. 3:11-12). 3:29; cf. the most dramatic historical experience had to be drawn upon to describe it,
3:7ff.). It is a day of YHWH's triumph over his
7:1-9; 30:1-19; Ob. It is hoped that by paying careful attention to the structure of the book of Joel, the meaning of the writer will become clearer for interpreting the book as a whole. such as yom yhwh ("day of the Lord"). The redeemed will be given an overpowering measure of God's Holy Spirit and
of Eden, but for the goyim there is eschatological judgment, death and
4:19; 17:3; Jer. This time he uses the imagery of the Divine Redeemer Warrior. Lest the people confuse this Redeemer with Hadad or Baal, YHWH
This implies a discernible transition from the old covenant with Israel to the new covenant with Zion. concerning the Bride and Bridegroom leaving their marital chambers, and the
2-4). Zion in the transition from the Old to the New Covenant. 7. 9, 13, 14), but not in 2:1-9. Its secondary meaning entails actual contact with the object.10 In
because the former asks a question and the latter provides a reply (1:1-3; 4:15-20
In the day of cloud and darkness ('rpl),
171); also perhaps, Ex. Young, An Introduction to the Old Testament (Grand Rapids:
Then came the plague upon the first born. 9:15; Mk. The use of Messianic symbols in the death-to-life portraits hint at the nature of the redemptive plan. They will receive the seal of the Holy Spirit as the foretaste of the eternal life of restoration and eschatological blessedness with God. He calls his people to repent and cry out to him (2:12-13). The revelation unfolds like a blossom in redemptive history, giving more details that would ultimately help the faithful to recognize their Messiah. The threefold call to yll ("wail") in the midst of the destruction and death of the land, animals and people (1:5, 11, 13); and the threefold call to the land, the wild animals and the people of Zion to rejoice (2:21, 22, 23), because of renewed life and restoration, is interposed by God's amazing act (2:1-14)"such as never was of old nor ever will be in ages to come" (2:2). The keywords "the day of the Lord" occur five times1:15; 2:1,11; 3:4 [2:31]; 4:14 [3:14]and determine the structural pattern of the poem, serving as transitional catchwords linking separate stanzas that feature a different addressor or addressee. derived from S. Bar-Efrat, J. P. Fokkelman and Wilfred G. E. Watson.6 With
In the final analysis, the emphasis is on the eschatological judgment, but the prophet arranges it so that the judgment is seen to begin from the house of Israel. face the judgment of God in the valley of decision without the refuge and stronghold
to fulfillment. Bar-Efrat is of the opinion that by observing the literary/narrative art of the Old Testament writers, it is possible to attain a systematic and organized understanding of the text.4. 64:1ff. disciplined, supernatural and mighty (2:7-9). Joel 2:28– 32). Is. Hans Walter Wolff, Joel and Amos (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977), 6-12. There will be blessing (vv. When God descended upon Mount Sinai to speak to Moses in the
His commands (given by alliteration in seven consecutive imperatives) emphasize the urgency of the moment for the gathering of his peoplethe day of YHWH draws near. third persons, distinguishing the Divine Redeemer Warrior from his retinue (who
1:14-17). 19:18), The Lord's qol ("voice") (Joel 2:11; Ex. people of Zion will know that the Lord is in Israelqrb in (the very
final judgment that will certainly come with the parousia of Christ (1 Cor. Warrior's triumph, the promise made to the redeemed, who are a byword and an
This description indicates the
2:17-21) before the culmination of the ultimate judgment on the goyim ("nations")
Young maintains a pre-exilic
The main theme in Joel is the Last Judgment that will come upon all, like the eighth plague. Since the narrator does not use paragraphs or punctuation,
(For example, it is indeed helpful
interpretative problems. First, there is the imagery of the ba'al ne'wureyha ("bridegroom") for whom the virgin mourns (1:8). 60:2; Ps. all fifteen times it occurs (Ex.
Verses 2:4b, 5, 7-9, 11b, refer to masculine, plural,
Art and Poetry in the Books of Samuel, Vol. The Divine Redeemer Warrior divides the 'ammi from the goyim. .
for the wicked, the enemies of God's people (Am. of God. Poetry has always been an efficient means of communicating not only important truths, but the emotions and insights of the writer as well. 1:14-18; 2:2, 3; Mal. among the Israelites and being their God. the Piel imperative in Ezk. from all the places to which they have been scattered (Ezk.
of God concerning the eschatological consummation of the redemptive plan of
34:11-12; Jn. Geerhardus Vos, The Pauline Eschatology (Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., 1979), 80-83. 15:3; Is. 54:4-8; 62:4-5). world. *Valley of Jehoshaphat* "Valley of Jehoshaphat" (4:2, 12) [3:2, 12].
while Wolff insists that the passage describes a human army in apocalyptic terms. Geerhardus Vos, Redemptive History and Biblical Interpretation, ed. God will do something completely newthe Incarnation (Lk. God's redemptive plan is revealed through the person of the Divine Redeemer Warrior, the seed of the woman, from the line of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, the Son of David, the Son of Man, the Son of God. 18:10 [9]; 97:2-3; 2
demarcate the end or beginning of subject divisions. with the bridegroom's death and the cutting off of the grain offerings and drink
are firmly attributed to YHWH in the repeated clauseky higdiyl yhwh la'sot
The contents of the paragraphs
The light of the world, the Redeemer, comes like dawn descending from Mt. The Introduction and the Conclusion are parallel to one another
42). emphasized in Ex. in the presence of God's glory (Is. particularly in the ninth and the tenth plague, here Joel clearly differentiates
.
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