She speculated that these differences might related to region of origin, race, class, and gender, which led her to research people’s  different cultural understandings of how to behave and interact. Dependent: A form of leadership culture or mindset based in conformance or tradition. 8 Cultural Conflicts that Make us Who We Are, Markus argues that the theory of independent and interdependent selves not only explains why class discussion participation varies so widely, but also may offer insight into the persistence of gender inequality. As adjectives the difference between independent and interdependent is that independent is not dependent; not contingent or depending on something else; free while interdependent is mutually dependent; reliant on one another. Organizations that grow from dependent to independent to interdependent leadership cultures become increasingly capable of creative action in the face of complexity. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Gender socialization does not end with childhood—adults are also constantly reminded in all their daily interactions, both formal and informal, of socially-acceptable gendered behavior. For example, a woman may be judged “aggressive” or “cold” if she acts independently. According to Markus and Conner, being aware of the significance of independence and interdependence and how it shapes our lives may lessen skirmishes between the two categories of people. According to Markus, our many intersecting culture cycles—cycles of ideas, institutions, interactions—shape our individual thoughts, feelings, and actions. The purpose of the present study was to explore the different meanings of the independent and the interdependent selves in individualistic vs collectivistic subcultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(99)00030-9. If this is so, can’t women just strive to be more independent? For example, Markus and Conner found that independently-oriented MBA students with class privilege were offended when a friend purchased the exact same car they had just bought. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; additional terms may apply.

For general inquiries: gender-email@stanford.edu. Do not assume that a fundamental personality difference is driving the conflict, Markus suggests. As a consequence, people with divergent orientations may react differently to the same social scenario.

By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. © Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305. On the other hand, men learn from a young age to be dominant and outspoken and are likely to have a well-elaborated independent self that they use as  a default self. mutually dependent; reliant on one another. How do we become independent or interdependent? Independent: A form of leadership culture or mindset based in heroic individual achievement. Consistent with previous studies urban subjects listed more independent and fewer interdependent responses than kibbutz subjects. In Markus’s typology of independent and interdependent selves, the “independent” self values being unique, making a contribution, being heard, and influencing others. Markus argues that it is not so simple.

In contrast, if speaking up and standing out come easily, you may be independent and more of a “squeaky wheel.”. Instead, they found that owning the same car was an act of solidarity, or thought they could start a car club together. A candidate or voter not affiliated with any political party, a free thinker, free of a party platform. The present study has important theoretical and practical implications for the understanding of the self’s structure and its effects on organizational behavior. Further, conceptualizing cultures can get in the way of understanding individuals. In some cultural contexts, it will be counter cultural to follow the Apostle Paul’s admonition to glory in our weakness and dependence on God (2 Corinthians 12:9), as opposed to being strong and independent …

When men operate with their interdependent selves, they can help “break glass ceilings,” says Markus. Markus suggests that the clash between independence and interdependence contributes to this gap. Which motto most closely reflects your behavior during group discussions? 8 Cultural Conflicts that Make us Who We Are, Markus argues that the theory of independent and interdependent selves not only explains why class discussion participation varies so widely, but also … Not subject to bias or influence; self-directing. Evidence of such difference is found in everyday interactions. The healthiest way we can interact with those close to us is by being truly interdependent. Though everyone has and needs both an independent and interdependent self, Markus and Conner find that our mix of cultural contexts, such as region of the world, race, class, and gender, influences which of the two selves is  mostly likely to guide our behavior. Content analysis revealed not only a quantity but also a quality difference in the profiles of the independent and the interdependent selves across subcultures. Although it could benefit women to become more independent, Markus argues that because men hold most power in our society, it is their responsibility to become more interdependent. Other significant cultural categories also contribute to the formation of our selves.. Markus found that those who are white and middle class generally have an independent orientation, while people of color and working class individuals are more likely to be interdependent. Once you recognize that, perhaps you can meet in the middle, by summoning your opposite self. If you are hoping to become more independent, Markus and Conner recommend you remember that stating your opinion doesn’t mean you are selfish, or that you try assuming you have as much authority as others. Hazel Rose Markus, a psychology professor at Stanford, noticed these variations in class discussion among her students. Clash! Conflicts occur when people using their independent selves comes in contact with people using their interdependent selves—but understanding our two selves and how they shape our thoughts, feelings, and actions can calm the clashes. “Meeting in the middle,” as Markus and Conner call it, can also potentially bridge the gender divide. In a book co-authored with cultural scientist Alana Conner, Clash! If, for example, you have an argument with a friend, consider that you and your friend may be operating with different selves—your friend may  have her independent self activated while you may have your interdependent self activated. Instead, consider the differences between those driven by their independent and interdependent selves. Although women earn more advanced degrees than men, hold more professional positions than men, and own or half-own 47% of U.S. firms, men continue to make more money and have more power and influence in nearly all sectors of U.S. society. As a result, women are likely to develop a well-elaborated interdependent self. See Wiktionary Terms of Use for details. Those with interdependent approaches are more likely to be conscious of others and their relationships and to adjust their behavior to accommodate others. A man acting in a similar fashion is unlikely to face the same reaction, because he is valued for his independence. Respectively, participants were 54 and 60 managers from urban and kibbutz sectors in Israel who completed the Twenty Statements Test (TST). In other words, privilege and independence go hand in hand, while less privileged groups tend to be interdependent. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Independent vs. interdependent self-construal and interrogative compliance: Intra- and cross-cultural evidence October 2015 Personality and Individual Differences 85 If you were discouraged from standing out, or taught to be interdependent, the “quacking duck” philosophy may resonate with you. By contrast, working-class, interdependent firefighters were not at all bothered when a friend purchased the same car.

8 Cultural Conflicts that Make us Who We Are, Clayman Conversations: Three scholars examine the TERF Industrial Complex, Clayman Conversations Departmentalize Now! Further research is needed to generalize these results to other cultures.

The theory of independence and interdependence, argues Markus, helps explain the persistence of gender inequality. Copyright © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

People from cultures that value independence are more likely to modify the spaces in which they find themselves to meet their needs than people from more interdependent cultures. Graduate Voice and Influence Program Fellowships, Clash! Because men are socialized to be independent, and most mainstream societal institutions reflect  and foster independence, they are likely to find their way to greater success. concludes with recommendations for nurturing your independent or interdependent selves. In turn, this hampers the ability of the believer to freely offer help to others in need.

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