Furthermore, it is biodegradable and may be recycled, which is important in view of its high cost (about $4,000 per barrel in 2001). ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. [72] The 13th General Conference on Weights and Measures of 1967 defined a second as: "the duration of 9,192,631,770 cycles of microwave light absorbed or emitted by the hyperfine transition of caesium-133 atoms in their ground state undisturbed by external fields". Frequency accuracy up to ±1e-12; Up to 5e-14 long term stability; 6 RF outputs: 1MHz, 2x5MHz, 2x10Mhz and 100kHz; Three 1PPS outputs; Two 1PPS inputs; Optional battery backup; Ethernet interface and Time of Day; MTBF: >145,000 hours; Caesium clock CsIII Model 4310B Cesium Frequency Standard NIST-F1 contributes to the international group of atomic clocks that define Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the official world time. "[72] These clocks measure frequency with an error of 2 to 3 parts in 1014, which corresponding to an accuracy of 2 nanoseconds per day, or one second in 1.4 million years. As you might guess, the longer observation times make it easier to tune the microwave frequency. [68] In 1882, he produced caesium metal by electrolysing caesium cyanide, avoiding the problems with the chloride.[70]. Completion fluids assist the emplacement of contro… Completion fluids assist the emplacement of control hardware after drilling but prior to production by maintaining the pressure. First, a gas of cesium atoms is introduced into the clock's vacuum chamber. [88] Caesium salts sometimes replace potassium or sodium salts in organic synthesis, such as cyclization, esterification, and polymerization. Since 1967, the International System of Measurements has based the primary unit of time, the second, on the properties of caesium. [86], Relatively few chemical applications use caesium. [117][118] Experiments with dogs showed that a single dose of 3.8 millicuries (140 MBq, 4.1 μg of caesium-137) per kilogram is lethal within three weeks;[119] smaller amounts may cause infertility and cancer. The laser cooled atoms are launched vertically and pass twice through a microwave cavity, once on the way up and once on the way down. The largest present-day use of nonradioactive caesium is in caesium formate drilling fluids for the extractive oil industry. The function of a drilling fluid is to lubricate drill bits, to bring rock cuttings to the surface, and to maintain pressure on the formation during drilling of the well. [80][81] Nevertheless, germanium, rubidium, selenium, silicon, tellurium, and several other elements can be substituted for caesium in photosensitive materials.[11]. Our Cesium instruments are built to provide stand-alone dependability, ease of use, and ease of installation. Cesium beam frequency and time standard instruments from Microsemi meet the most stringent requirements demanded by commercial, military and space applications. Laser cooling drops the temperature of the atoms to a few millionths of a degree above absolute zero, and reduces their thermal velocity to a few centimeters per second. Because NIST-F1 is among the most accurate clocks in the world, it makes UTC more accurate than ever before. Because biochemical processes can confuse and substitute caesium with potassium, excess caesium can lead to hypokalemia, arrhythmia, and acute cardiac arrest. When their trip is finished, another laser is pointed at the atoms. [11], It is highly pyrophoric: the autoignition temperature of caesium is −116 °C (−177 °F), and it ignites explosively in air to form caesium hydroxide and various oxides. During the trip, the atomic states of the atoms might or might not be altered as they interact with the microwave signal. 12H2O). Caesium has also been used in thermoluminescent radiation dosimetry (TLD): When exposed to radiation, it acquires crystal defects that, when heated, revert with emission of light proportionate to the received dose. [103] Caesium and rubidium have been added as a carbonate to glass because they reduce electrical conductivity and improve stability and durability of fibre optics and night vision devices. It is also well-documented that mushrooms from contaminated forests accumulate radiocaesium (caesium-137) in the fungal sporocarps. [105], Caesium salts have been evaluated as antishock reagents following the administration of arsenical drugs. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ΔνCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom, to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1.

This solution can be evaporated to produce caesium chloride or transformed into caesium alum or caesium carbonate. Very few applications existed for caesium until the 1920s, when it came into use in radio vacuum tubes, where it had two functions; as a getter, it removed excess oxygen after manufacture, and as a coating on the heated cathode, it increased the electrical conductivity. Caesium-134, and to a lesser extent caesium-135, have also been used in hydrology to measure the caesium output by the nuclear power industry. Radiocaesium does not accumulate in the body as readily as other fission products (such as radioiodine and radiostrontium). [11], The metal can also be isolated by electrolysis of fused caesium cyanide (CsCN). The latest versions are more accurate than 1 part in 1015, about 1 second in 20 million years. [79] The range of photoemissive devices using caesium include optical character recognition devices, photomultiplier tubes, and video camera tubes. The alkaline earth metals were precipitated either as sulfates or oxalates, leaving the alkali metal in the solution. Caesium vapour thermionic generators are low-power devices that convert heat energy to electrical energy. Caesium-137 is a radioisotope commonly used as a gamma-emitter in industrial applications. [65], The price of 99.8% pure caesium (metal basis) in 2009 was about $10 per gram ($280/oz), but the compounds are significantly cheaper. The hydrogen gas produced by the reaction is heated by the thermal energy released at the same time, causing ignition and a violent explosion. Its advantages include a half-life of roughly 30 years, its availability from the nuclear fuel cycle, and having 137Ba as a stable end product. The process yielded 9.2 grams (0.32 oz) of rubidium chloride and 7.3 grams (0.26 oz) of caesium chloride from the initial 44,000 litres of mineral water. The first accurate caesium clock was built by Louis Essen in 1955 at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK. Historically, the most important use for caesium has been in research and development, primarily in chemical and electrical fields. The frequency of the Cs standard had to be calibrated against the Ephemeris second. Since the atoms are moving so fast, the observation time is limited to a few milliseconds. Caesium compounds may provide a faster response (CsF) and be less hygroscopic (CsI). Manfred Bick, Horst Prinz, "Cesium and Cesium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. [85] This technology is used primarily in the isolation of viral particles, subcellular organelles and fractions, and nucleic acids from biological samples. [73] Caesium formate brine can be blended with potassium and sodium formates to decrease the density of the fluids to that of water (1.0 g/cm3, or 8.3 pounds per gallon).

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